The Italian political theorist and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto observed that all ruling classes contain a balance of what he referred to as residues, and of those residues, two types are most prominent: the type one residues, or foxes, and the type two residues, or lions. Foxes are the elites who are crafty and clever. They focus on combinations to create new ideas and solutions. Lions are strong and brave. They focus on persistence of identity and tradition.
Foxes are academics and merchants; lions are generals and police captains. While one group may dominate at any given time, all ruling classes contain a mixture of these two primary residues.
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